Wave

A wave can be described as a disturbance or oscillation that travels through a medium(matter or space) from one location to another location, accompanied by a transfer of energy.

Types of Wave

1. Transverse wave- A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction that the wave moves.

 

2. Longitudinal wave- A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves.

 

Acoustic wave

An acoustic wave is an oscillation of pressure that travels through a solid, liquid, or gas in a wave pattern.

It transmits sound by vibrating organs in the ear that produce the sensation of hearing. Also called sound waves.

   

  

Radio wave

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation, as are microwaves, infrared radiation, X-rays and gamma-rays. The best-known use of radio waves is for communication; television, cellphones and radios all receive radio waves.

Radio waves have frequencies from 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz, and corresponding wavelengths ranging from 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 100 kilometers (62 mi).


  

Light Wave

A light wave is a type of electromagnetic wave. Light waves on the electromagnetic spectrum include those that are visible as well as those that are invisible to the human eye.

Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), or 4.00 × 10−7 to 7.00 × 10−7 m.

    

Audible frequency

Abbreviated as AF, audio frequency represent the range of signals that are audible to the human ear.

The range of audio frequencies is usually considered to be in the region between 20 and 20,000 hertz.

High frequencies are the first to be affected by hearing loss due to age and/or prolonged exposure to very loud noises.

Spectrum

A spectrum refers to the range of frequencies available for broadcasting data and communication.

 Radio Waves, 2G, 3G, 4G (etc) all have different ranges of frequencies which they operate within. This range depends on the rate of data transfer, the type of transfer, range of transfer (etc).

2G Spectrum

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. It is based on narrow band digital networks.

Signals is transmitted in the digital format and this dramatically improved the quality of calls and also reduced the complexity of data transmission.

3G Spectrum

3G, short form of third generation, is the third generation of mobile telecommunications technology.

This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services and networks.

3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s.

4G Spectrum

4G is the short name for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will supersede the third generation (3G ).

4G networks use different frequencies to transmit data than 3G.

In 4G the download speed is up to 100 Mbps for moving user and 1 Gbps for stationary user.

4G is adoption of packet switching instead of circuit switching in voice and video calls.

Technologies used in 4G

• Smart Antenas for Multiple-input and multiple output
• IPv6
• OFDM
• Software Defined Radio(SDR) system

The basic difference between 3G and 4G

Technology	3G	4G
Data Transfer Rate	3.1 MB/sec	100 MB/sec
Internet Services	Broadband	Ultra-Broadband
Mobile  – TV Resolution	Low	High
Bandwidth	5-20 MHz	100MHz
Frequency	1.6-2 GHz	2-8 GHz
Download and upload	5.8 Mbps	14 Mbps